머리말

Contents

미술 교육은 학생들로 하여금 그들을 둘러싸고 있는 세계에 관심을 가지도록 하는데 미술 교육의 목표가 있습니다.

본서는 중고등학교 미술 교사가 될 사범대학교, 미술대학, 교육대학원 학생들과 현장에 근무하고 있는 미술 교사를 위해서 만든 ‘미술’과 ‘미술 교육’의 이론서입니다.

본서의 구성 영역은 미술교육 이론, 미술과 교육과정, 조형론, 서양 회화론, 전통 회화론, 조소, 서예 ․ 전각, 판화, 색채학, 디자인, 공예, 동양 미술사, 중국 미술사, 동양 화론, 한국 미술사, 한국 현대 미술사, 서양 미술사, 현대 미술사, 뉴 미디어 아트, 미학, 미술 감상과 비평 등의 장르와 영역을 구체적으로 구분하여 편성되어 있습니다.

또한, 본서는 중등 미술 임용고시의 특성에 맞춰서 미술교육의 학자별 재이론, 동시대 미술교육의 경향, 사회 참여 양상, 사회 정서 이론, 서구 미술사학과 예술론, 조형론 등의 개념들을 백과사전적으로 총망라하여 편성한 책입니다.

한편, 학문의 입문은 기초가 중요합니다. 따라서 초학자들을 위한 도서는 쉽고 평이하면서도 내용은 깊이가 있어야 하며 학문연구에 대한 관심을 점차적으로 심화시키는데 도움을 주어야 한다는 점을 상기하며 구성된 책이기도 합니다.

또한, 각 대학과 교육대학원의 미술이론 관련 학과에서 강의 중인 미술이론이 잘 정리되어 있어서 미술교육학과, 교육대학원생들의 학문 경지를 넓혀 주는 필독 도서의 역할을 지향하고 있습니다.

특히 현행 중등 교원 임용시험 제도와 기출문제의 경향에 제시된 핵심 내용을 최대한 반영하였으며, 그러한 내용의 기반이 되는 중요 도서와 사전, 논문 등을 충실히 반영하였습니다.

1. 중등 교원 임용시험의 평가 영역 및 평가 내용 요소에 해당하는 중요 영역별 핵심 이론을 모두 반영하였다.

2. 교과 교육학의 최근 이론과 사상 및 미술과 교육과정을 모두 포함하였다.

3. 미술의 특성상 시각적 게시물과 미술 작품 등은 모두 칼라 형식으로 제시하여 내용에 대한 이해와 분석에 더욱 최적의 효과를 추구하였다.

4. 영역별 중요 이론의 핵심 문장과 함께 심층 내용을 동시에 수록하여 기초학습자라도 쉽게 이해할 수 있도록 관련 내용을 편성하였다.

중등 교사 임용시험제도는 서술형에서 선택형으로 다시 서술형으로, 매년 조금씩 개정되어가면서 점점 미술교과 지식의 전문화를 요구하고 있습니다. 이로 인해 수험생들은 여러 권의참고도서를 읽어야 하고, 수 많은 이론을 이해, 암기해야 하는 어려운 입장에 놓이게 되었습니다. 또한 시험 문제의 난이도와 출제 경향이 늘 예측하기 어렵도록 불규칙하게 제시되기 때문에 어느 영역에서 어느 부분이 출제될 수 있을 지 수험생 입장에서는 판단하기 어려워졌습니다.

본서는 그러한 문제가 요구하는 요점을 명료하게 제시하고, 평이하면서도 깊이 있는 내용을 수록 하려고 하였습니다.

“성의정심(誠意正心)”

자신의 뜻을 진실되게(성의) 하여 마음을 바로 정하는 것(정심). 성의와 정심은 사서 중의 하나인 「대학」에서 밝힌 대학의 도를 실천하는 팔조목에 속합니다.

팔조목에서는 자신을 수양하려고(수신) 하는 사람은 먼저 자신의 마음을 바로 잡고(정심), 자신의 마음을 바로 잡으려는 사람은 먼저 자신의 뜻을 진실되게 하여야 하고(성의), 자신의 뜻을 진실 되게 하려는 사람은 먼저 지식을 넓혀야 하고(치지) 지식을 넓히고자 하는 사람은 먼저 사물에 관해 궁구하여야 한다(격물)고 하였습니다.

본서와 함께하는 모든 분들의 행복을 기원합니다.

2024. 1월

양현재(養賢齋)에서 정 샘.

Part 01 ❘ 동양 미술사

CHAPTER 01

인도 미술 ····················································12

01 고왕조 미술(BC 320~230년경) ······················· 12

1. 마우리아(Maurya) 왕조 ·····································12

2. 숭가(Sunga) 왕조 ··············································13

3. 안드라(Andra) 왕조 ···········································13

02 쿠샨 왕조(78~226) ······································· 14

03 굽타 왕조(320~550, 양식은 왕조 붕괴 이후의 영향까지 약 350∼650년의 기간으로 봄) ····························· 16

1. 조각 ·································································16

2. 석굴사원 ·························································16

04 팔라 왕조(750~1174)의 힌두 미술 ·············· 19

05 이슬람 왕조(무굴제국, 1526~1857)의 회교 미술 ··································································· 20

1. 배경 ·································································20

2. 회화 ·································································20

3. 건축 ·································································21

CHAPTER 02

일본 미술 ···················································22

01 아스카 시대와 나라 시대 ························· 22

1. 아스카 시대(飛鳥時代, 비조시대, 578~670)의 미술 ···22

2. 나라 시대(奈良時代, 710~794)의 미술 ···············24

02 헤이안 시대(平安時代=교토 시대, 794~1185) ···· 25

03 카마쿠라 시대(鎌倉=가나가와 현, 1185~1333) ··· 26

04 무로마치 시대(室町時代, 실정시대, 1333~1573) ··· 27

05 모모야마 시대(桃山時代, 1573~1615) ············ 28

06 에도 시대(江戶時代, 강호시대, 1603~1867) ······· 29

CHAPTER 03

중국 미술 ···················································30

01 선진 시대 ·················································· 30

1. 상나라 ·····························································30

2. 은·주 시대 ····················································32

3. 춘추 시대 ························································32

4. 전국 시대 ························································32

02 진 · 한 시대 ··············································· 34

1. 특징 ·································································34

2. 벽화와 백화 ····················································34

3. 공예 장식화 ····················································34

4. 한대의 회화 ····················································34

5. 진대의 조소 ····················································35

03 육조 시대(위진 남북조 시대, 221~589) ············· 36

1. 특징 ·································································36

2. 회화 ·································································36

3. 조각 ·································································38

4. 공예 ·································································39

5. 고개지 화론연구 ·············································39

04 수(581~618) · 당(618~907) 시대 ··················· 42

1. 특징 ·································································42

2. 회화 ·································································43

3. 조각 ·································································45

4. 서예 - 해서체의 황금기 ································45

5. 공예 ·································································45

05 오(907~960) 십국 시대 ······························· 48

06 송(북송: 960~1127 / 남송: 1127~1279) 시대 ··· 54

1. 송대의 회화 ····················································54

2. 북송대의 회화 ·················································54

3. 남송대의 회화 ·················································58

4. 조각 ·································································60

5. 공예 ·································································61

07 원(1271~1368) 시대 ····································· 64

1. 특징 ·································································64

2. 원대의 회화 ····················································64

3. 원대의 조각 ····················································68

4. 원대의 공예 ····················································68

08 명(1368~1644) 시대 ····································· 72

1. 특징 ·································································72

2. 명대의 회화 ····················································72

3. 대표 작가 ························································74

4. 명대의 공예 ····················································76

09 청(淸, 1636∼1912)대 미술과 중국 20세기 미술(1945년까지) ···················· 78

1. 회화 ·································································78

2. 20세기 회화 ····················································84

3. 1950년대 이후 중국 현대 미술 ·····················84

4. 서예 및 공예 ···················································85

Part 02❘ 한국 미술사

CHAPTER 01

선사~원삼국 시대 미술 ····························90

01 선사 시대 ·················································· 90

1. 구석기 시대 ····················································90

2. 신석기 시대 ····················································91

3. 청동기와 철기 시대 ········································92

4. 낙랑 미술 ························································97

5. 가야의 금속공예·도자기 공예 ······················97

02 삼국 시대 ·················································· 98

1. 고구려 ·····························································98

2. 백제 ·······························································112

3. 신라 ·······························································122

CHAPTER 02

통일신라 시대 미술 ·································132

01 회화와 서예 ············································· 133

02 불상 조각 ················································· 134

1. 불교 미술의 전성기 ······································134

2. 기타 ·······························································142

03 불교공예 ·················································· 144

1. 범종 ·······························································144

2. 기타 공예품 ··················································145

04 도자 ························································· 146

1. 회청색 경질토기의 전성기 ···························146

2. 인화문 장식 토기와 골호(불교 화장문화) 발달 ···146

3. 시유토기 ·······················································146

4. 신라삼채 ·······················································146

5. 녹유사천왕상전 ············································147

05 건축 ························································· 148

1. 가람배치의 변화 ···········································148

2. 불국사 ···························································148

3. 석굴암 ···························································149

4. 기타 건축물 ··················································150

06 탑파 건축 - 삼국통일 이후 석탑 건축 발달

································································· 152

1. 신라 석탑의 변화 과정 ·································152

2. 통일신라 석탑의 특징 ··································152

CHAPTER 03

고려 시대 미술 ·········································158

01 회화 ·························································· 159

1. 회화의 전개 ··················································159

2. 회화의 제 경향 ·············································159

3. 주요 작품과 작가 ··········································160

4. 초상화 ···························································162

5. 사경과 글씨, 인쇄 ········································163

6. 불교 회화 ······················································164

02 조각 ·························································· 170

1. 고려 불상의 특징 ··········································170

2. 불상의 양상 ··················································171

03 공예 ·························································· 178

1. 고려청자 ·······················································178

2. 기타 공예품 ··················································182

3. 목공예 ···························································185

4. 기타 ·······························································185

04 고려 불사 건축 ········································ 186

1. 가람배치 ·······················································187

2. 주요 사찰 건축물 ··········································187

3. 탑파 건축 ······················································190

CHAPTER 04

조선 시대 미술 ·········································196

01 조선 시대의 회화 ···································· 196

1. 시대적 배경과 미술사 ··································196

2. 사상적 배경 ··················································196

3. 궁중 회화와 화원 체제의 회화적 특징 ········197

4. 초상화 ···························································200

5. 조선 회화의 시기별 구분 ·····························202

6. 서예 ·······························································258

7. 불교 회화와 조각 ··········································260

02 조선 시대의 공예 ··································· 264

1. 도자 공예 ······················································264

2. 목공예, 칠공예 ·············································272

03 조선 시대의 건축 ··································· 276

1. 특징 ·······························································276

2. 주요 건축물 ··················································277

3. 조선 시대 건축의 구조적 이해 ····················284

CHAPTER 05

근대 미술 ·················································294

01 한국 근대 미술사 ··································· 294

1. 한국 근대 미술사 ··········································294

2. 한국 근·현대 미술단체 ······························298

02 한국 근대 서양화 · 동양화 ···················· 300

1. 서양화 ···························································300

2. 1920~1940년대 한국 미술의 흐름 ············302

3. 동양화 ···························································314

03 근대 조소 ················································ 322

1. 근대 조소의 흐름 ··········································322

2. 한국 근대 조각의 특징 ·································322

3. 근대 조각가 ··················································323

04 한국 현대 미술의 흐름과 현대 미술작품 ····························································· 330

1. 1950~1960년대 한국 미술의 흐름 ············330

2. 1970년대 한국 미술의 흐름 ························340

3. 1980년대 한국 미술의 흐름 ························342

05 근대 건축 ················································ 343

1. 배경 ·······························································343

2. 건축 양식 ······················································343

Part 03❘ 서양 미술사

CHAPTER 01

원시~근대 미술 ······································346

01 원시~중세 미술 ······································ 346

1. 원시 미술 ······················································346

2. 고대 미술 ······················································350

3. 중세 미술 ······················································372

02 르네상스~근대 미술 ······························ 390

1. 르네상스 ·······················································390

2. 매너리즘 ·······················································416

3. 바로크 미술(17세기) ·······································418

4. 로코코 미술(18세기) ·······································432

5. 계몽주의 회화 ···············································440

6. 근대 미술 ······················································444

CHAPTER 02

모더니즘~현대 미술 ·······························470

01 20세기 이전의 현대 미술 ····················· 470

1. 인상주의(1874, 앙데팡당展) ······························470

2. 신인상주의(점묘주의, 분할주의) ·························478

3. 후기 인상주의 ···············································480

4. 상징주의(symbolism) ········································486

5. 분리파 미술 ··················································487

02 20세기 초의 현대 미술 ························· 488

1. 야수파 ···························································488

2. 표현주의 ·······················································492

3. 20세기 표현주의 ··········································496

4. 신즉물주의(신사실주의, 신자연주의, 마술적 사실주의) ·······································500

5. 입체파 ···························································504

6. 오르피즘(Orphism) ···········································510

7. 소박파 미술(Naive Art) ····································512

8. 미래주의(1905~1915) ·····································513

9. 러시아 광선주의(러시아 아방가르드) ·················516

10. 절대주의 ·····················································517

11. 구성주의(구축주의, 러시아 전위미술) ·················520

12. 신조형주의(De Stijl, 1917년 결성) ····················522

13. 에콜 드 파리 ···············································525

14. 다다 ····························································526

15. 초현실주의(Surrealism) ··································534

03 1945년 이후의 양식(절정의 모더니즘) ······· 550

1. 코브라 그룹(CoBrA, 실존주의 미학) ····················550

2. 공간주의(Spatialism) ·········································551

3. 앵포르멜(Informal, 형을 부정함) ··························552

4. 추상표현주의(Abstract Expressionism) ···············554

5. 색면회화[(色面繪畵, Color-Field Painting), 포스트 회화적 추상, 시스테믹 페인팅] ····················556

6. 후기 회화적 추상(‘탈회화적 추상’) ····················557

7. 누보레알리즘(Nouveau Realisme, 입체) - 신사실주의(평면) ····························558

8. 네오다다(Neo-Dada) ·······································564

9. 아르테 포베라(Arte Povera) ·····························567

10. 미니멀 아트(Minimal Art, 유물론적인 세계관의 적용) ···························568

11. 팝아트(Pop Art) ·············································574

12. 옵아트(Optical Art, 망막의 미술, 지각적 추상) ·······586

13. 키네틱 아트(Kinetic Art) ·································588

04 모더니즘의 해체와 그 이후의 현대 미술 ······························································ 592

1. 극사실주의(Hyperrealism, 포스트 팝, 포스트 미니멀) ···592

2. 대지미술(Land Art) ··········································596

3. 개념미술(Conceptual Art) ··································600

4. 플럭서스(Fluxus) ·············································604

5. 행위미술(Performance Art) / 퍼포먼스 / 해프닝

·····································································606

6. 설치미술(Installation Art) ····································607

7. 비디오 아트(Video Art) ····································608

8. 과정미술(Process Art) ······································611

9. 미디어 아트(Media Art) / 뉴미디어 아트 / 매체예술 ···········································612

10. 레이저 아트(Laser Art, 하이테크 아트, 스카이 아트) ································615

11. 그라피티 아트(Graffiti Art, 낙서미술) ·················616

12. 트란사반구아르디아(Transavanguardia) ·········618

13. 신표현주의(Neo-Expressionism) ·····················620

14. 배드 페인팅(Bad Painting) ······························621

15. 신형상주의(Neo-Figurativism) ·························622

16. 신구상회화(Figurative Painting) ························623

17. 페미니스트 아트(Feminist Art) ························624

05 1980년대 이후 동시대 미술 ················· 628

1. 트루이즘(Truism) ·············································628

2. 신개념주의(Neo-Conceptualism) ·······················629

3. 네오지오(Neo-Geo) ·········································630

4. 네오 팝 아트(Neo-Pop Art) ······························631

5. YBAs(Young British Artists) - ‘선정주의’, 젊은 영국 미술가들 ··························632

Part 04❘ 미학

CHAPTER 01

고대~중세 미학 ······································638

1. 미의 개념 ······················································638

2. 미학자 연구 ··················································639

CHAPTER 02

근대 미학 ·················································642

1. 근대 미학 이론 ·············································642

2. 미학자 연구 ··················································645

CHAPTER 03

현대 미학 ·················································646

1. 현대 미학 이론 ·············································646

2. 미학자 연구 ··················································651

CHAPTER 04

예술 정의론(영·미의 현대 미학) ······················654

01 예술과 비예술의 구분 ··························· 654

1. 모방론 ···························································654

2. 표현론 ···························································655

3. 형식론 ···························································655

4. 예술 정의 불가론 ··········································656

5. 사회적 제도론 ···············································657

6. 다원론 ···························································658

02 서양 미술 방법론 ··································· 660

03 예술과 미메시스 ···································· 662

참고문헌 ·············································668